What is a peptic (stomach) ulcer?

A peptic ulcer is an open sore that forms in the lining of:

• The stomach (gastric ulcer), or
• The duodenum (the first part of the small intestine, just after the stomach, duodenal ulcer).

These sores develop when stomach acid damages the protective mucous lining of the digestive tract. Normally, this lining protects the tissue underneath. But when it becomes weakened, acid can create a deeper wound.

What causes ulcers?

The two most common causes are:

1. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

This is a bacterium that infects the stomach lining. It causes inflammation and weakens the protective barrier, making it easier for acid to create a sore.

2. Pain-relieving medications (NSAIDs)

Certain common medications can increase the risk of ulcers, including:

• Ibuprofen (for example, Ipren)
• Aspirin-based products (such as Treo)
• Naproxen

These drugs reduce substances that normally protect the stomach lining from acid damage.

Other factors that increase risk

• Smoking (slows healing and increases risk)
• Alcohol (irritates the stomach lining)
• Severe illness or major stress on the body
• Family history (especially for duodenal ulcers)
• Rare conditions that cause the body to produce too much stomach acid

What do ulcers feel like?

The most common symptom is gnawing or burning pain in the upper abdomen.

Typical patterns include:

• Pain and tenderness in the upper stomach area
• Symptoms that come and go over weeks
• Periods of discomfort followed by symptom-free periods
• Pain that may improve when eating (though in some people food makes it worse)
• Pain that can be especially troublesome at night

Because symptoms can vary, some people mistake ulcers for simple indigestion.

Older adults may feel less pain but have a higher risk of complications, especially if they take blood thinners or other medications.

When is it serious?

A bleeding or ruptured ulcer is a medical emergency and must be treated in hospital.

Warning signs include:

• Sudden, severe abdominal pain
• Vomiting blood
• Black or tar-like stools
• Weakness or dizziness

These symptoms require immediate medical care.

Summary

Stomach ulcers are open sores in the stomach or upper intestine caused mainly by bacterial infection or certain pain-relieving medications. While they can cause recurring and uncomfortable pain, they are highly treatable with modern medications.

The key is recognizing persistent symptoms and seeking medical advice early. With proper treatment, most ulcers heal completely, and serious complications can be prevented.